Fig. 2

Silencing PinX1 enhanced IR-induced telomere dysfunction and boosted the activation of cGAS-STING pathway. A–C Silencing PinX1 increased the percentage of telomere dysfunction-induced foci (TIF)-positive cells after IR exposure. Cells were double stained with an anti-TRF1 antibody for telomere markers (green) and an anti-phosphorylated histone H2A.X (Ser-139) antibody for γ-H2AX foci (red). Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue). Merged images show DNA damage at telomeres. Arrows indicate double-stained areas (yellow). Scale bar, 10 μm; n = 3/group. D Expression of phosphorylated ATM, ATR, DNA-PKcs, and CHK1 was detected with Western blot at the indicated times after 6 Gy IR. E Expression of p-TBK1, p-STING and cGAS was detected with western blot at the indicated times after 6 Gy IR. F–H Representative images and quantitative analysis of PicoGreen staining. Cells with cytosolic DNA were counted. Scale bar, 10 μm. n = 3/group. *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***p: < 0.001, ****: p < 0.0001