Fig. 2

Model performance analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for various models are presented for centers I (a), II (b), III (c), and IV (d), along with the AUC and 95% confidence intervals shown in the bottom right. Kaplan–Meier curves illustrate the survival probabilities of patients in the predicted high- and low-ALN burden groups for in Center I (e) and DUKE (f)