Fig. 2
From: Artificial intelligence-based evaluation of prognosis in cirrhosis

Assessment tools, markers, and techniques for cirrhosis prognosis. The figure summarizes a comprehensive overview of the progress in research on prognostic assessment tools for cirrhosis. With the rapid evolution of science and technology, the integration of advanced high-throughput sequencing, imaging techniques, and (AI) has proven instrumental in identifying in validating new microbial biomarkers and miRNA markers, as well as immunobiochemical and imaging markers, which are essential for the prognostic evaluation of cirrhosis. Along with these advancements, the prognostic assessment tools for cirrhosis have been continuously refined and updated. The current tools are primarily divided into two main categories and three systems based on their applicability to either the stable phase or the decompensated phase of cirrhosis. For stable cirrhosis, the Child–Pugh score and MELD score serve as the foundational assessment systems; for decompensated cirrhosis, the assessment is mainly based on the CLIF-C Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure score