Fig. 5

A Reference of 4-view Regions of Interest (ROI) drawing was implemented, encompassing perspectives from the TOP, Bottom, Left, and Right orientations. B 4-view NIRF images at all time points (24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h) between the huPBMC-AIA (n = 6) and control groups (n = 4). C X-ray and photographs images merge NIRF imaging following ICOS mAb-Cy7 injection at 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h. D Fluorescence Intensity (FI) of four distinct views was systematically assessed at various time points. E ROI quantification of RP and the RP/LP ratio at all time points examined between huPBMC-AIA and control. F Correlation between paw thickness and RP/LP ratio in NIRF. Significant correlation was observed in both huPBMC-AIA and control group. All values represent the mean ± SEM unless otherwise specified. One-way ANOVA and t test was conducted for statistical significance. ****, p < 0.0001; ***, p < 0.001; **, p < 0.01; *, p < 0.05; ns p > 0.05