Fig. 2

(A) Consensus clustering of PDAC in the GEO-meta cohort based on TA-TLS genes, showing results for k (cluster number) set to 2, 3, and 4. (B) Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrating distinct differences in transcriptomes among the three clusters. (C) Kaplan–Meier curves illustrating overall survival (OS) differences among the three clusters (P = 0.045). (D) Heatmap showing the expression profiles of TA-TLS genes across the three clusters. (E) Boxplot depicting ssGSEA scores of immune cells among the three clusters. (F) Boxplot displaying TME signatures across the three clusters in the GEO-meta cohort. (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001)