Fig. 1

Preparation and characterization of human neural stem cell-derived exosomes (hNSC-Exos). A The stepwise isolation process for hNSC-Exos, including ultracentrifugation and vesicle characterization. B The morphology of hNSCs were showed by light microscope (Imaging software: ViewPlayCap), scale bars: 200 μm, 100 μm, 50 μm, 20 μm. C Representative immunofluorescence visualization of hNSCs markers Nestin staining (red) and SOX2 staining (green) with DAPI-stained nuclei (blue) and the positive cells / total cells (%) was subsequently quantified by ImageJ, scale bar = 50 μm. The bottom left corner panel magnified the boxed area in the top panel. Data were presented as mean ± SD from three biological replicates, each performed in triplicate. D Western blotting (WB) analysis showed hNSC-Exos surface markers (CD9, CD63, CD81, and TSG101) and hNSCs cellular marker (Calnexin). Data from at least three biological replicates, each performed in triplicate. E The morphology of hNSC-Exos was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the size distribution was quantified by ImageJ, scale bar = 200 nm. Data were presented as mean ± SD. F Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) showed the size distribution and potential of hNSC-Exos